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The reforms quickly alienated many tribal and religious leaders. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community and, following a 1927–28 tour of Europe and Turkey, introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation

The United Kingdom began to exercise a great deal of influence after this and even controlled the state's foreign policy.Īfter the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi in 1919, King Amanullah Khan declared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state. They returned during the Second Anglo-Afghan War in the late 1870s for about two years to assist Abdur Rahman Khan defeat Ayub Khan. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire.įollowing the 1842 defeat of the British-Indian forces and victory of the Afghans, the British established diplomatic relations with the Afghan government and withdrew all forces from the country. The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century.